奥巴马回答《自然》与科学相关的26个问题 |
美国科技迎来奥巴马时代 |
星期五, 十一月 14, 2008
奥巴马回答《自然》与科学相关的26个问题
Ten Simple Rules for Getting Grants
Ten Simple Rules for Getting Grants
Philip E. Bourne*, Leo M. Chalupa
Citation: Bourne PE, Chalupa LM (2006) Ten Simple Rules for Getting Grants. PLoS Comput Biol 2(2): e12. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020012
Published: February 24, 2006
Copyright: © 2006 Bourne and Chalupa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bourne@sdsc.edu
Philip E. Bourne is a professor in the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, and is Editor-in-Chief of PLoS Computational Biology. Leo M. Chalupa is a professor and chair in the Section of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
1This piece follows an earlier Editorial, “Ten Simple Rules for Getting Published” [1], which has generated significant interest, is well read, and continues to generate a variety of positive comments.That Editorial was aimed at students in the early stages of a life of scientific paper writing. This interest has prompted us to try to help scientists in making the next academic career step—becoming a young principal investigator. Leo Chalupa has joined us in putting together ten simple rules for getting grants, based on our many collective years of writing both successful and unsuccessful grants. While our grant writing efforts have been aimed mainly at United States government funding agencies, we believe the rules presented here are generic, transcending funding institutions and national boundaries.
At the present time, US funding is frequently below 10% for a given grant program. Today, more than ever, we need all the help we can get in writing successful grant proposals. We hope you find these rules useful in reaching your research career goals.
Rule 1: Be Novel, but Not Too Novel
Good science begins with new and fresh ideas. The grant writing process should be a pleasure (no, we are not kidding), for it allows you to articulate those ideas to peers who have to read your grants but not necessarily your papers. Look at grant writing as an opportunity to have an impact. Feel passionate about what you are writing—if you are not passionate about the work, it is probably not a good grant and is unlikely to get funded. “Me-too” science will not get funded when funding levels are low. On the other hand, science that is too speculative will not be supported either, particularly when funds are tight—sad but true.
Rule 2: Include the Appropriate Background and Preliminary Data as Required
You need to convince reviewers that the work you propose needs to be done and that you are the best person to do it. Different granting programs require differing amounts of preliminary data. For certain programs, it can be said that the work must be essentially done before the grant is awarded, and that the funds are then used for the next phase of the research program. There is some truth in this. So where appropriate, do provide some tantalizing preliminary result, making sure to tell the reviewers what these results imply with respect to the specific aims of your proposal. In formulating the motivation for your proposal, make sure to cite all relevant work—there is nothing worse than not appropriately citing the work of a reviewer! Finally, convince the reviewer that you have the technical and scientific background to perform the work as proposed.
Rule 3: Find the Appropriate Funding Mechanism, Read the Associated Request for Applications Very Carefully, and Respond Specifically to the Request
Most funding organizations have specific staff to assist in finding funding opportunities, and most funding agencies have components of their Web sites designed to help investigators find the appropriate programs. Remember, programs want to give away money—the jobs of the program's staff depend on it. The program staff can help you identify the best opportunities. If your grant does not fit a particular program, save your time and energy, and apply elsewhere, where there is a better programmatic fit.
Rule 4: Follow the Guidelines for Submission Very Carefully and Comply
Many funding bodies will immediately triage grants that do not comply with the guidelines—it saves the program time and money. This extends to all the onerous supporting material—budget justification, bibliographies, etc. Get them right and keep them updated for future applications. Even if it goes to review, an inappropriately formulated application may aggravate the reviewers, and will have a negative impact even if the science is sound. Length and format are the most frequent offenders.
Rule 5: Obey the Three Cs—Concise, Clear, and Complete
The grant does not have to fill the allotted page count. Your goal should be to provide a complete reckoning of what is to be done, as briefly as possible. Do not rely on supplements (which may not be allowed) or on Web sites (review may be actively discouraged since it has the potential to compromise anonymity). Specify the scope up-front and make sure it is realistic with respect to the funds requested. A common temptation for inexperienced grant writers is to propose to do too much. Such applications are usually judged as overly ambitious and consequently poorly rated.
Rule 6: Remember, Reviewers Are People, Too
Typically, reviewers will have a large number of grants to review in a short period. They will easily lose concentration and miss key points of your proposal if these are buried in an overly lengthy or difficult-to-read document. Also, more than likely, not all the reviewers will be experts in your discipline. It is a skill to capture the interest of experts and nonexperts alike. Develop that skill. Unlike a paper, a grant provides more opportunity to apply literary skills. Historical perspectives, human interest, and humor can all be used judiciously in grants to good effect. Use formatting tricks (without disobeying rule 4), for example, underlining, bolding, etc., and restate your key points as appropriate. Each section can start with a summary of the key points.
Rule 7: Timing and Internal Review Are Important
Give yourself the appropriate lead time. We all have different approaches to deadlines. Ideally, you should complete a draft, leave sufficient time to get feedback from colleagues, and then look at the grant again yourself with a fresh eye. Having a spectrum of scientific colleagues who are similar to the likely reviewer pool critique your grant is very valuable.
Rule 8: Know Your Grant Administrator at the Institution Funding Your Grant
At the end of the day, this person is your best advocate. How well you understand each other can make a difference. Many grant administrators have some measure (limited to complete) discretionary control over what they fund. The more they know and understand you and your work, the better your chances of success. Do not rely just on E-mail to get to know the grant administrator. Do not be intimidated. Talk to them on the telephone and at meetings where possible—they want to help.
Rule 9: Become a Grant Reviewer Early in Your Career
Being on review panels will help you write better grants. Understanding why grants get triaged before complete review, how a panel reacts to a grant, what the discretionary role of program officers is, and what the role of oversight councils is provide valuable lessons for writing successful grants of your own and for giving others advice about this process.
Rule 10: Accept Rejection and Deal with It Appropriately
Rejection is inevitable, even for very good grants when funding levels are low. Learn to live with rejection and to respond appropriately. Do not be defensive; address each criticism head on and respond with facts and not emotional arguments. When resubmission is necessary, make it very clear to the reviewer that you understand what was wrong the first time. Indicate precisely how you have fixed the problems. In the resubmitted application, never argue with the validity of the prior review. If the grant was close to being funded the first time around, remind the reviewers of that fact by including the previous score if appropriate, and make it crystal clear why this version is much improved.
There are no previously unrevealed secrets to grant writing presented here. Rather, it is a concise picture intended to help our early career readers take the next step. If you feel like you need more detail, take a look at Kraicer's article [2]. Good luck on getting those grants.
References
- Bourne PE (2005) Ten simple rules for getting published. PLoS Comput Biol 1: e57. DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010057. FIND THIS ARTICLE ONLINE
- Kraicer J (1997) The art of grantmanship. Strasbourg: Human Frontier Science Program. Available: http://www.hfsp.org/how/ArtOfGrants.htm. Accessed 19 January 2006.
星期二, 十一月 11, 2008
为了民生,急需建立民生财政
为了民生,急需建立民生财政
·曹思源·
现状:财政对民生投入太少
建议之一:取消公务员职务消费,节省行政费5000亿元
建议之二:财政资金退出竞争性产业,削减经济建设费5000亿元
建议之三:将节省下来的财政经费一万亿元投向民生
[表1]
这张统计表暴露出两个问题:
[表2]
(点击可看大图)
[表3]
(点击可看大图)
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[注1] 2007年8月《领导者》杂志第17期
[注2] 见“胡星斗中国问题学网站”http://www.huxingdou.com.cn
[注3] 《城市管理》2005年第6期第13页
[注4] 《中国经济日报》2005.10.18第5版
[注5] 参见拙著《国企改革,绕不开的私有化》知识产权出版社,2003年版
[注6] 中国财政经济出版社《国际统计年鉴——2006/2007》第372页
星期六, 十一月 08, 2008
数学网站集锦
麻省理工学院开放式课程网页,很多视频资料
http://webcast.berkeley.edu/courses/index.html
http://www.aw.com/ide/index.html
的基本运算:你输入所有必要信息后几秒钟内,不管多复杂的运行结果和图象都会马上显示在计算机屏幕上。网站的 数学运算功能是建立在著名数学软件Mathematica基础上的,可以说这是一个简单的网上Mathematica计算机器(它并不是一般意义下的计算器,它的功能比计算器强得多),但是你不需要花天文数字的价钱购买Mathematica,甚至不用懂得 Mathematica的编程方式,所以对于数学或者各种理工科工作者来说,这是一个好极了的工具。它的功能包括定积分和不定积分,微分,极限,因式分解,牛顿法,二维和三维函数绘图,解各类基本常微分方程等等。
http://mathgenealogy.mnsu.edu/
在一些国家,许多家谱的数据库已经上网,人们可以在网上查到他们的祖宗八代。而数学家常常也把自己的博士导师称为他们的“数学父亲”,这样自然也就有了数学家的家谱。一个可搜索的数学家家谱已经开始在美国明尼苏达州立大学 建立起来了,一半以上的美国大学数学系为它的建立提供了它们的博士毕业生的历史资料,现在这一网站已经搜集了历史上48294位数学家的“出生身世”。例如我们如果查一下希尔伯特(David Hilbert)的数学家史,我们可以发现他本人有70个学生,而他的“孙子”,“重孙”等等全加起来到现在为止是5304个。而考究希尔伯特的祖先,我们可以发现很多显赫的名字:克来因(Felix Klein),李普希兹(Rudorf Lipxxxxz),迪里赫莱(Gustav Dirichlet),泊松(Simeon Poisson),傅里叶(Jean-Baptiste Fourier),最后追溯到拉格朗日(Joseph Lagrange)。而拉格朗日看来是自学成才的了。目前这里还没有包括任何在中国大学毕业的数学博士资料,希望在不久的将来我们也可以在这里查到这些资料。
网络和电子邮件的出现大大改变了人们用传统邮件交换信息的方法,数学论文和书籍的交流方式也因此出现了根本变化。由于今天大多数数学家都使用TEX等计算机排版软件写论文,使用网络和电子邮件传递论文甚至专著都不是困难的事情。同时数学家可以把自己还没正式发表的论文放在自己的网页上,使得同行之间的交流大大加快。一些有心人(在其他数学家准许下)把这些预印本搜集起来,就建立了一个预印本网库。目前这样的网库已经有不少,其中最大的就是这里介绍的设立在美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室(Las Alamos National Lab)的ArXiv 数学预印本网库。上面第二个网址是网库总站(也包括物理,非线性科学,计算机科学等的论文预印本),第一个网址是数学方面的一个界面。目前(截止2001年12月5日)这里收存的最新数学论文已有17180篇,在12月5日这一天就有近二十篇新论文进入了网库。预印本网库是论文电子出版的一种方式,在国际数学界许多人已经开始讨论什么时候所有论文出版发行完全在网上进行-----从互联网的迅猛发展来看,这一天也许已经不远了。数学搜索(澳大利亚悉尼大学数学学院)
在北美地区最新的两个研究中心是美国洛杉玑加大纯粹和应用数学研究所(http://www.ipam.ucla.edu/)和加拿大班夫国际数学变革和发现研究站(http://www.pims.math.ca/birs/)。值得一提的是将于明年正式启用的后者, 是一种新式的数学研究场所。这个研究站座落在风景优美的加拿大班夫地区,将专门用做举办短期集中的数学研讨和教育。亚洲各国的数学活动近年来也空前活跃。主要的数学中心有中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院(http://www.amss.ac.cn/),日本京都数学科学研究所(http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/),中国台湾中央研究所数学研究所(http://www.math.sinica.edu.tw/)和印度孟买塔塔基础科学研究院(http://www.tifr.res.in/) 等等。 在数学王国中最吸引人的莫过于百年难解的著名猜想了。一些著名的猜想,如黎曼猜想,费尔马大定理,庞加莱猜 想等等,无论解决与否,都指引了新的数学发展方向。 近年来最引人注目的数学猜想新闻来自美国的克雷数学研究所
(http://www.claymath.org/)。在新世纪开始的2000年,克雷研究所由一流数学家组成的学术委员会提出了七个他们认为最重要的数学问题, 其中包括刚才提到的黎曼猜想,和庞加莱猜想。同时克雷研究所对这七个问题的解决每个都悬赏一百万美元,在数学界及公众媒体中都轰动一时。在克雷研究所的网页,大家可以下载这七个问题的准确描述,和由七位相应的数学家对问题的解释的录像。(http://www.claymath.org/Millennium_Prize_Problems/)
值得注意的是这七个问题并没有包括我国数学爱好者熟知的哥德巴赫猜想。我国数学家陈景润,王元,潘承洞曾经在这一问题上做出了世界领先的结果,但是猜想仍然没有被最后解决。事实上世界上对哥德巴赫猜想感兴趣的人还大有人在,与克雷问题几乎同时,英国法布出版社也悬赏一百万美元给在两年内解决哥德巴赫猜想的人。 (http://www.apostolosdoxiadis.com/million.htm)这个出版社似乎有些炒作嫌疑,而现在问题解决期限已过,因为没有人提出领赏,奖金大概也就不了了之了。哥德巴赫猜想 和相关的数论方面的猜想可以在这个网页(http://www.utm.edu/research/primes/notes/conjectures/)找到。
未解决的数学问题大大小小,许多问题也并不知名。有不少数学爱好者还把这些问题搜集归纳成网页,有兴趣的读者可以在网络上搜索一下。其中比较有名的一个是(http://www.mathsoft.com/mathresources/problems/0,0,00.html)
最后我们应该提到的是一些数学家自己也喜欢象希尔伯特那样列出一个问题清单。在网上可以找到最有名的大概是美国数学家斯梅尔几年前提出的。他的问题集实际上是一篇论文(http://www.amath.washington.edu/courses/572-spring-2002/smale.pdf) 华裔数学家丘成桐也多次提出过几何方面的未解决问题,但大部分都没有在网上出现,可以找到的是台湾一个网站上的十个问题(http://bbs.ee.ntu.edu.tw/boards/Physics/14/58.html)。
数学新动向 (http://www.ams.org/new-in-math/)
这个由美国数学会编辑的网页介绍每个月在美国数学界乃至全世界数学界的最新动向。这个象杂志一样的网页包括每月一篇新专题介绍,当月数学在大众媒体中出现的新闻或文章,和新的数学科普文章文摘等等。例如在2003年五月的网页上介绍了著名的庞加莱猜想的最新进展,第一届阿贝尔数学奖等等。在最新数学文摘中,读者还可以看到四月 十六日上华盛顿邮报关于非典型性肺炎数学模型的介绍。这一网页的创立是为了使广大普通数学爱好者也能了解数学高深理论的最新进展,以及使大众了解数学对社会进步的巨大作用。
这个座落在美国康耐尔大学图书馆网站中的电子文库收藏了许多珍贵的数学文献,大多是二十世纪以前数学专著和论文集。这个文库是免费供给所有数学工作者和数学历史学家使用的,只是大多数文献是法语和德语的。例如,对天体力学和动力系统感兴趣的读者可以在这里找到庞加莱的三大卷关于天体问题的名著原文。读者也可以找到希尔伯特,黎曼,克来因等大师的原著。
数学一向被认为是男人的领地,女数学家只占很少一部分。但是这种状况在世界各地都在逐渐改变。从这个网站大家可以读到有史以来几乎所有著名女数学家的传略。从最早的姬亚(毕达哥拉斯的妻子)到近代的柯瓦列夫斯卡娅,诺特,我们可以领略到女数学家非同凡响的风采。一些现在还活跃在数学界的女数学家,如乌伦贝克,麦克杜甫等还自己撰写了自己 人生事业的文章,对于还在成长阶段的我国年轻女数学家可能会有启发。我国女数学家胡和生院士,华人女数学家张圣容,金芳蓉和 Lai-Sang Young的传记也被这一网站收入。
除了各个数学会提供的数学信息, 一些独立机构现在也在网上提供数学会议信息. 比较著名的要算加拿大的Atlas数学会议提要(AMCA): http://at.yorku.ca/amca/conferen.htm这个不仅列出各个会议的网上信息, 同时还提供网上上传会议报告摘要的服务. 许多会议现在使用他们的服务, 从而省去了自己编辑报告摘要的繁琐工作. 他们列的会议往往和美国,欧洲数学会列的各有千秋, 都值得搜寻一番.
来源: http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/ChinaAbel.htm