常见拉丁文缩写大全：cf., e.g., i.e.都是啥意思

缩写1：A.D.
拉丁文：anno Domini
释义：in the year of the Lord 耶稣纪年，公元
例句：The United States Civil War began in AD 1861.

缩写2：a.m.
拉丁文：Ante Meridiem
释义：before middday 上午，午前
例句：We will meet the mayor at 10 a.m.

缩写3：c., ca.
拉丁文：circa
释义：around, about, approximately 大约
用法：用于日期中表示大概的数。
例句：The antique clock is from c.1900.

缩写4：Cap
拉丁文：capitulus
释义：chapter 章节
用法：用于英国及其前殖民地的法律章节前。
例句：Electronic Transactions Ordinance (Cap. 553).

缩写5：cf.
拉丁文：confer
释义："bring together" and hence "compare" 试比较
用法：提示读者比较所引用资料中的说法与文中的论述，与cp.可替换使用。
例句：These results were similar to those obtained using different techniques (cf. Wilson, 1999 and Ansmann, 1992).

缩写6：cp.
释义：compare 比较
例句：These results were similar to those obtained using different techniques (cp. Wilson, 1999 and Ansmann, 1992).

缩写7：C.V.
拉丁文：curriculum vitae
释义：course of life 简历

缩写8：etc.
拉丁文：et cetera
释义：and the others, and other things, and the rest 等等
例句：I need to go to the store and buy some pie, milk, cheese, etc.

缩写9：e.g.
拉丁文：exempli gratia
释义：for example, for instance 比如
例句：The shipping company instituted a surcharge on any items weighing over a ton; e.g., a car or truck.

缩写10：ff.
拉丁文：folio
释义：and following 以及接下去的
例句：see page 258ff.（参见第258页以及接下去的若干页）

缩写11：id.
拉丁文：idem
释义：the same (man) 同上
用法：用来避免（在引用、脚注、书目等处）重复某个男性作者的名字。如果是女性作者，用ead. (eadem)。

缩写12：i.a.
拉丁文：inter alia
释义：among other things 除了别的因素以外，特别
例句：Ernest Hemingway—author (i.a. 'The Sun Also Rises') and friend.

缩写13：i.e.
拉丁文：id est
释义：that is, in other words 即是
例句：For reasons not fully understood there is only a minor PSI contribution to the variable fluorescence emission of chloroplasts (Dau, 1994), i.e., the PSI fluorescence appears to be independent from the state of its reaction centre (Butler, 1978).

缩写14：lb.
拉丁文：libra
释义：scales 磅

缩写15：LL.B.
拉丁文：Legum Baccalaureus
释义：bachelor of laws 法学士

缩写16：M.A.
拉丁文：Magister Artium
释义：Master of Arts 文科硕士

缩写17：N.B.
拉丁文：nota bene
释义：note well 注意，留心
例句：N.B.: All the measurements have an accuracy of withi 5% as they were calibratedaccording to the procedure described by Jackson (1989).

缩写18：op.cit.
拉丁文：opere citato
释义：the work cited 在前面所引用的书中
用法：通常用于参考文献中，同ibid相似，但是ibid通常会跟着页码。

安裝XAMPP所遇到的問題

快速的方法：

直接下載windwos的元件：Virtual C++ 2008 Redistributable packages 安裝，即可正常啟動!!

※更新日期：20120918(用下面方式沒辦法成功，最後找到此方法，超快速解決!!)

---------------------------------------------------------------------

慢速的方法：

【步驟一】

上網下載XAMPP軟體(請直接下載『自動安裝程式』版)

※XAMPP有很多種版本，如：Linux、Windows、Mac OS X..版本。


【步驟二】

下載後直接執行[xampp-win32-1.7.7-VC9-installer.exe]，(正常的話)即可安裝完成。

※林伯就是安裝中途出現問題，跳出『Ports 80 or 443 (SSL) already in use! Installing Apache2.2 service failed』錯誤訊息視窗，導致Apache Server無法啟動。

以下是找出原因並解決問題的方法：

1. [開始] → [命令提示元] → 輸入指令 netstat -oan，會列出所有的Ports的情況，並找尋被佔用的 80 和 443 Port。[圖1]
2. 根據上述找到 443 Port，並對應到PID為4040。 [圖2]
3. 開啟 [Windows工作管理員] → [檢視] → [選擇欄位] → 勾選[PID(程序識別元)]，並按下『確定』鈕 → 選擇[處理程序]頁籤，找尋PID為4040，且查詢是哪個程式(vmware-hostd.exe)目前在使用443 Port。 [圖3]
4. 點選[VMware Workstation] → [Edit] → [Preferences] → 選擇[Shared VMs]，即可看見443 Port目前使用在VMware Workstation Server之HTTPS。 [圖4]
5. 將預設的HTTPS：443改為隨便數字(但不能與系統中的Port重複)。 [圖5]
6. 移除先前安裝的xampp，再重新安裝過一次。
7. 重新開機後，出現成功的畫面。 [圖6]

[圖1]

[圖2]

[圖3]

[圖4]

[圖5]

[圖6]





【步驟三】

開啟[XAMPP Control Panel]，檢查是否正常啟動(Running)Apache和MySql，如有正常啟動，即安裝成功。[圖6]

世界上最负盛名的画

2. Madonna Litta by Leonardo da Vinci





3. Sistine Madonna by Sanzio Raphael





4. The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci





5. Creation of Adam by Michelangelo





6. Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli





7. Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix





8. Arnolfini Marriage by Jan van Eyck





9. The Ballet Dancer by Edgar Degas





10. Black Square by Kasimir Malevich





11. The Japanese Bridge by Monet





12. The Persistence of Memory by Salvadore Dali





13. Flight of a Bee by Salvadore Dali





14. Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh





15. Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci





16. Death Of Marat by Jacques-Louis David





17. Ship of Fools by Hieronymus Bosch





18. Tower of Babel by Pieter Brueghel the Elder



19. Icon of the Trinity by Andrei Rublev





20. Union of Earth and Water by Peter Paul Rubens





21. View of Toledo bu El Greco





22. Moulin de la Galette by Auguste Renoir





23. Venus of Urbino by Titian





24. Return of the Prodigal Son by Rembrandt





25. Crucifixion by Salvador Dali





26. The Kiss by Gustav Klimt





27. Haywain Hieronymus Bosch





28. Penitent Mary Magdalen by Titian





29. Massacre of the Innocents by Brueghel





30. Sacrifice of Isaac by Caravaggio





31. American Gothic by Grant Wood





32. The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh





33. Olympia by Monet





34. School of Athens by Raphael





35. Triumph of Galatea by Raphael





36. Noli Me Tangere by Fra Angelico





37. Composition VIII by Kadinsky





38. Reclining Nude by Modigliani





39. Colossus by Goya





40. The Third of May by Goya





41. Tahitian Women by Paul Gauguin





42. The Nude Maja by Goya





43. Les Demoiselles d39;Avignon by Pablo Picasso





44. The Promenade by Marc Chagall





45. Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian





46. Guernica by Picasso





47. Girl with a Pearl Earring by Jan Vermeer





48. The Great Wave by Hokusai





49. Don Quixote by Pablo Picasso





50. The Old Guitarist by Picasso





51. The Son of Man by Rene Magritte





52. The Joy of Life by Henri Matisse





53. Carnival of Harlequins by Joan Miro





54. Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol





55. The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin by van Eyck





56. Burial of St. Lucy by Caravaggio





57. The Scream by Edvard Munch





58. The Ninth Wave by by Ivan Aivazovsky





59. The Broken Column by Frida Kahlo





60. Virgin of the Lilies by William Bouguereau





61. The Crucifixion of St. Peter by Caravaggio





62. Portrait of Henry VIII by Holbein





63. Danae by Rembrant





64. Autumn Rhythm by Jackson Pollock